一、单词的音形关系
任何一个单词都是音与形的结合，掌握单词的音形关系是记单词的关键。单词的音是指英语48个音素，单词的形是指英语26个字母及字母结合。单词的音形关系比较复杂，是一种非对称关系，即一个形可以对应多个音，一个音也可以对应多个音，还有的形与音不对应，即字母或字母组合在单词中不发音。
二、影响音形关系的要素
单词的音形关系虽然复杂，但音形之间的关系还是有一定的规律可循的。影响单词音形关系的要素包括音节类型，音节的重读与否和音节内相邻之间的音素相互影响。
1.音节与重读的影响
比如元音字母A 可读[ei ]： favourite ['feiv?rit] face [feis] plane [plein] potato [p?'teit?u] skate [skeit] make [meik] lake [leik] take [teik] save [seiv] station ['stei??n] safe [seif] 在这些单词中的字母A都是处于重读开音节中。元音字母A也可读[?]hamburger ['h?mb?:g?] math [m?θ] rabbit ['r?bit] bank [b??k] accident ['?ksid?nt] happen ['h?p?n] exam [ig'z?m]在这些单词中的字母A都是处于重读闭音节中。
2. 相邻之间的音素相互影响
同样以字母A为例，元音字母A还可读[?] washroom ['w??rum] watch [w?t?] wash [w??] was [w?z] Washington ['w??i?t?n] 在这些单词的共同特点就是字母A跟在W后，再如class [klɑ:s] ask [ɑ:sk] past [pɑ:st] basket ['bɑ:skit] glass [glɑ:s] pass [pɑ:s]，在这些单词的共同特点就是字母A位于摩擦音[s]前。再如爆破音位于鼻音前后不发音，know [n??] climb [kla?m] sign [sa?n]。
三、字母组合的音形关系
单词中的音形关系还可以体现在字母组合上，即两个或两个以上字母组合在一起对应一个音素，英语单词中常见字母组合的音形关系有：
以元音字母双组合为例，其组合读音如下：
1.AI组合
① AI组合读[ei]afraid [?'freid] wait [weit] rain [re?n] painting['peinti?] railway ['reilwei] main[mein] train[trein] raise[reiz] pain[pein] explain [?k'sple?n] email ['i:meil] aid [eid] daily ['de?l?] sailing [?se?l??] explain eth [?k'sple?n] tail[teil] fail [feil] straight [stre?t]
②AI组合在非重读音节中读[?/i]:certainly ['s?:t?nli] mountain ['mauntin] Britain ['brit?n] captain ['k?ptin]
③AI组合读[e]again [?'gen] against[?'genst]
2.OA 组合
OA 组合读[?u]:coat [k?ut] boat[b?ut] coast [k??st] coach[k?ut?] road[r?ud] coal [k?ul] throat[θr?ut]
3. EE组合读[i:]
meet [mi:t] see [si:] three [θri:] green [gri:n] beef [bi:f] between [bi'twi:n] sweet [[swi:t] cheese [t?i:z] teeth [ti:θ] sleep [sli:p] screen [skri:n] sweep [swi:p] street[stri:t] knee [ni?]feel [fi?l] agree [?'gri:] feed [fi:d] deep [di:p] degree [di'gri:] keep [ki:p] queen [kwi:n] seem [si:m] succeed [s?k?si:d]
spu4.EA组合读音
①EA组合读[i:]:please [pli:z] teacher ['ti:t??] bean [bi:n] tea [ti:] eat [i:t] meat [mi:t] leaf [li:f] leave [li:v] clean [kli:n] speak [spi:k] mean [mi:n] team [ti?m] beach [bi?t?] cheap [t?i?p] easy ['i?z?] east [i?st] real [ri?l] beat [bi:t] peace [pi:s] increase ['inkri:s] jeans [d?i:nz] reach [ri:t?] dream [dri:m] treat [tri:t] deal [di?l]
②EA组合读[e]:weather ['wee?] healthy ['helθi] wealth [welθ]bread [bred] breakfast ['brekf?st] ready com ['redi] sweater ['swet?] heavy ['hev?] head [hed] already [?:l'redi] heaven ['hevn]pleasure ['ple??] treasure ['tre??] instead [?n?sted] deaf [def]
③EA组合读[i?]:idea [ai'di?] theatre ['θi?t?] really ['ri?li] area ['ε?ri?] realize[?r??la?z]
④EA组合读[ei]: break [breik] great [greit]
5. IE组合
①IE组合读[i:/i]:thief [θi:f] piece [pi:s] believe [b?'li?v] field ['fi:ld] achieve [??t?i:v] movie ['mu:vi] cookie ['k?k?]
②IE组合读[ai/e]:tie [tai] die [dai] pie [pai] lie[lai] friend [frend]
6.EI组合
①EI组合读[ei]:eight [eit] eighty ['eiti] weight [we?t] weigh [we?] neighbour [?ne?b?] seize[seiz]
②EI组合读[i:/i]:deceive [d??si:v] conceive [k?n?si:v] perceive [p??si:v] receive [r??si:v] neither ['ni:e?]foreign ['f?r?n]
7.OO 组合
① oo组合读[u:]:too [tu:] afternoon ['ɑ:ft?:'nu:n] cool [ku:l] school [sku:l] room [ru:m] food [fu:d] noodle ['nu:dl tooth [tu:θ] zoo [zu:] bamboo [b?m'bu:] choose [t?u:z] soon [su:n] moon [mu?n] food [fu:d] pool [pu:l] smooth [smu:e] spoon [spu:n]
②OO组合读[u]：good [gud] book [buk] look [luk] cook [kuk] foot [fut] cookie ['kuk?] wood [wud] wool [wul]
③OO组合读[?]:flood [fl?d] blood [bl?d]
8、OI组合
OI组合读[?i]:toilet ['t?ilit] join [d??in] point [p?int] noisy ['n??z?] voice [v??s] choice [t??is] coin [k??n] avoid [?'v??d] oi l[??l] boil [b??l]soil [s?il]
9.OU组合
① OU组合读[au]:about [?'baut] playground ['pleigraund] house [haus] mouse [maus] thousand ['θauz?nd] out [a?t] around [?'ra?nd] shout [?a?t] without [wi'ea?t] mouth [ma?θ] south [sauθ] sound [sa?nd] pronounce [pr?u'nauns] aloud [?'laud] mountain [`mauntin] cloud [klaud] proud [pra?d] count [ka?nt] pound [pa?nd] trouers [?tra?z?z]
② OU组合读[?]:cousin ['k?z?n] country ['k?ntri] young [j??] touch[t?t?] enough [i'n?f] trouble ['tr?bl] encourage [?n'k?r?d?] couple ['k?pl] southern [] courage ['k?r?d?] double [?d?bl]
③OU组合读[u:/u]:you [ju:] soup [su:p] through [θru:] group [gru:p] could [kud] should [?ud]
10.AU组合
①AU组合读[?:/ ?]:August [??'g?st] autumn ['?:t?m] cause [k?:z] daughter ['d?:t?] taught [t?:t] astronaut [??str?n?:t] because [bi'k?z] Australia [?'streilj?] sausage ['s?s?d?]
②AU组合读[ɑ:]:aunt [ɑ:nt] laugh [lɑ:f]
